How to reduce power consumption

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Reducing system power consumption will extend battery life, reduce system temperature and (on some models) reduce system fan noise. Power consumption can be greatly improved from a stock distribution configuration to a fine tuned system. The general rules are :

  • Unload drivers for unused devices (ie. USB 1.1, Yenta/PCMCIA, Wireless, IRDA, Bluetooth, ...)
  • Reduce polling on devices (drives, USB subsystem, nvram, use SATA AN, ...)
  • Reduce hard drive activity
  • Reduce LCD brightness to the minimum you can stand
  • Reduce CPU wakeups, so it can stay longer in deep power saving c-states
  • Make use of every hardware devices availables power saving features (AHCI ALPM, USB autosuspend, Alsa and Wireless powersaving modes, HPET timers, ...)

Tools

Arjan van de Ven's PowerTOP utility is a gold mine to improve energy efficiency, but is almost only CPU-oriented. This tool helps to easily detect the top power offenders, both userland and kernel modules, which prevent the use of CPU power saving mechanisms and sometime suggest fixes accordingly. PowerTOP users collected some tips & tricks and an informative faq.

Alternatively (or complementary) to PowerTOP, running strace -p $(pidof yourapp) for all your favorite or background running applications while they are expected to be idle, will show the misbehaviors.

Beside CPU wakeups, disks spins are also power hungry. To detect what make your disk spinning, 

sysctl vm.block_dump=1

will list all applications causing disks wakeups on the kernel's dmesg. Other useful tools for this purpose are blktrace, iostat and lm-profiler (from laptop-mode-tools suite).

See also #Misbehaving Userland.

BIOS settings

Enabling Power Management

Some Thinkpad BIOS (like 2.08 BIOS on X40) offer two very lame options, with a very misleading online help (saying "Usually not needed"). That's 

CPU power management: (default disabled)
PCI bus power management: (default disabled)

You should indeed enable them, else the deepest C3 and C4 ACPI C-states are disabled.

Disabling I/O Ports

The BIOS (at least version 3.11 on X200) can also be used to disable I/O ports, like PCMCIA/CardBus. Although this requires a reboot to change settings, using the BIOS rather than a configuration file will survive distribution changes and may make it easier to remember how to re-enable a port. Disabling these devices can reduce power consumption by several watts.

CPU

Look at:

A good thing to keep in mind is that every CPU wakeup, even if it's for a trivial light job, reduce the time the CPU stays on a deep power saving C-state (like C3 or C4). Therefore you should ensure your applications stay really idle when they meant to be idle (track shorts select timeouts in loop, etc. with PowerTOP).

Also note that manually locking the CPU in the lowest P-state (frequency) available is not an efficient way to improve battery lifetime. This will cause the CPU to stay longer in C0 (power hungry C-state) doing hard work when there is something to do, while it could have done this work faster by augmenting the CPU freq, and returned back faster to a deeper, economic, C-state and to a lower frequency (P-state). The best is to let the kernel select the appropriates CPU frequencies by itself with the help of in kernel CPU governors. Have a look at this explanation from Intel's kernel developer Arjan van de Ven.

Kernel settings and patches

General settings

The 2.6.21 kernel brought some very effective changes (like dynticks). Later, 2.6.24-rc2 brought a lot of other power efficiency improvements. If it's not already on your distribution and you value power efficiency, you may think about compiling a recent kernel yourself.

Here are a few options (beside the ACPI and APM related one) that matter to reduce power consumption or to help diagnosing consumers: 

# From PowerTOP's FAQ:
CONFIG_NO_HZ
CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS
CONFIG_HPET
CONFIG_HPET_TIMER
CONFIG_CPU_FREQ_GOV_ONDEMAND
CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND
CONFIG_SND_AC97_POWER_SAVE
CONFIG_SND_HDA_POWER_SAVE
CONFIG_SND_HDA_POWER_SAVE_DEFAULT=3
CONFIG_TIMER_STATS
CONFIG_ACPI_BATTERY
CONFIG_CPU_FREQ_STAT
CONFIG_INOTIFY

# Not from the PowerTOP FAQ:
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
CONFIG_X86_ACPI_CPUFREQ
CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO depreciated as of kernel 2.6.24, use CONFIG_X86_ACPI_CPUFREQ
CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_ICH
CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_SMI
CONFIG_CPU_IDLE
CONFIG_CPU_IDLE_GOV_LADDER
CONFIG_CPU_IDLE_GOV_MENU

Those options are already in Fedora Core 7 and Ubuntu Gutsy (not Feisty) default i686 kernels. PowerTOP FAQ also suggest to disable CONFIG_IRQBALANCE and CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG.

Also, you need to properly set APM and ACPI. Look at:

Kernel boot and module loading options

If you have an Intel chipset ICH5 or later (cf. lspci output), as in most modern Thinkpads, you should be using the integrated HPET timer (saves about 30 CPU wake ups per second). To see if hpet is enabled on your laptop: 

grep hpet /proc/timer_list

If this does not display "Clock Event Device: hpet", then add 

hpet=force

ATTENTION!
The ICH4 does have an HPET, but it is disabled for a good reason: Intel didn't test/validade it! Use of the ICH4 HPET is not recommended

to your kernel boot options (usualy in /boot/grub/menu.lst or lilo.conf). Note that "hpet=force" is only available by default in 2.6.24-rc2 and above (or as a separated patch for 2.6.22 and 2.6.23, see below).

On modern ThinkPads the HPET timer is automatically detected and enabled. On certain older machines hpet=force is required such as on the following machines:

Help needed
please add your ThinkPad to the above list, if hpet=force was required

Useful Patches

Thomas Gleixner High Resolution Timers (hrt) patchset brings many improvements, like the cpuidle work and Udo A. Steinberg and Venki Pallipadi "force enable HPET" patches (non HPET timers causes about 20-40 CPU wakeups/second, but HPET is often hidden by the BIOS due to Windows XP deficiencies). Those are fully merged in 2.6.24-rc1 vanilla kernel. See http://www.tglx.de/projects/hrtimers/

Kristen Carlson Accardi from Intel has a patchset to turn on "Aggressive Link Power Management" (ALPM) for the AHCI driver (for SATA bus). Also from Accardi, SATA Asynchronous Notification (SATA AN), alows SATA link to notify media insertions (thus avoid hal polling the cdrom). Those patches were merged in 2.6.24-rc2 kernel (AN needs also support in hal to be used). See: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/kristen/patches/SATA/alpm/

As of now (2.6.24-rc8), the linux kernel doesn't support PCI Express power management (aka PCIe ASPM, aka PCIe LPM). Shaohua Li from Intel submited a patch on LKML (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/1/17/544 ) though, and reported it to reduce power consumption by 1.3 watts for a system with three PCIe links.

The HDAPS disk protection systems can reduce battery life. Matthew Garrett provides a patch that prevents hdaps kernel module to generate interrupts when this feature isn't used.

Useful sysctls

The meaning of those settings is explained case by case on the relevant sections of this document. But for convenience sake, we group them here too.

Note that the "ondemand" scaling governor is recommended by Intel developers for energy efficiency: it's expected to be more efficient than the "powersave" governor, or than userspace daemons (like cpufreq-utils, cpufreqd, powernowd...). Look here, here, or here for a kernel developer explanation about "ondemand" being better on modern Intel CPUs.

The "link_power_management_policy" tunable won't be available unless you run a 2.6.24-rc2 or more kernel, or applied Kirsten patchset, have an Intel AHCI compatible chipset, and use SATA drives. 

echo 5 > /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode
echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/nmi_watchdog
echo Y > /sys/module/snd_ac97_codec/parameters/power_save
echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/sched_mc_power_savings
echo ondemand > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
echo 1500 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
for i in /sys/bus/usb/devices/*/power/autosuspend; do echo 1 > $i; done
# those sysctl's are only available if you have an AHCI compatible SATA 
# controler and use kernel > 2.6.24-rc2 (or use Kristen ALPM patchset) : 
echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/link_power_management_policy
echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/link_power_management_policy
echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/link_power_management_policy

If you're running a kernel older than 2.6.22 do this. Not needed for kernels 2.6.22 onward: 

cd /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq
cat ondemand/sampling_rate_max > ondemand/sampling_rate

ATA drives

Hard drives and CDRom drives spinning is very costly. To improve battery lifetime, you should reduce disks access (or devices polling) the more you can.

Hard Drives

The files access time update, while mandated by POSIX, is causing lots of disk write access; even accessing files on disk cache may wake the ATA or USB bus. If you don't use this feature, disable it by adding the relatime option to all relevant lines in the /etc/fstab, for example: 

/dev/sda1 / ext3 relatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1

(On older kernels you may need to use noatime instead of relatime.)

Also consider merely using a larger value for the commit option. This defines how often changed data is written to the disk (it is cached until then). The default value is 5 seconds.

See man mount(8) for details on how the rel/noatime and commit options work.

Use laptop_mode to reduce disk usage by delaying and grouping writes. You should enable it, at least while on battery. See Laptop-mode for more details: 

echo 5 > /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode

The default kernel dirty page writeback frequency is very conservative. On a laptop running on battery, one might find more appropriate to reduce it: 

echo 1500 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs

Some power saving hard drives features can be activated with hdparm (beware that "-B 1" may reduce your drive lifetime, if you have lot of intermittent disk activity causing lots of heads load/unloads: so reduce I/O activity first, as explained above, in order to get longer disks idling periods). For more details look at How to make use of Power Management features : 

hdparm -B 1 -S 12 /dev/sda # and/or any other disk device

SATA Link Power Management

On kernels 2.6.24 and new this enables SATA Link Power Management: 

echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/link_power_management_policy
echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/link_power_management_policy
echo min_power > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/link_power_management_policy

Disable it by replacing min_power with max_performance.

Which host-number to use depends on your laptop. It is typically 0 for the main drive, but for example on the T61 the 0 and 1 are for the pata interface used for the optical drive, and the main hard-disk is on host2.

On Ubuntu Hardy Heron with a 2.6.24-16 kernel, a suspend/resume cycle is much quicker if you disable SATA Link Power Management before initiating the suspend. As of Intrepid Ibex and kernel 2.6.27, this should be fixed. (Launchpad bug 234047, Kernel bug 10817)

Laptop Mode Tools

The Laptop Mode Tools utility implements many of the above power-saving measures from disks, and some others.

Optical drive

The optical drive is reported to consume power even when not accessed. See

The hald daemon polling tends to maintain the ATA buses out of power saving modes, and to wakeup CDROM drive (except if you have a kernel >= 2.6.24, hal >= 0.5.10, and SATA AN compatible devices). If you have a recent hald version, you can stop this polling when on battery: 

hal-disable-polling --device /dev/scd0 # or whatever your CD drive is

start polling again when on ac: 

hal-disable-polling --enable-polling --device /dev/scd0 # or whatever your CD drive is


If your hald is not recent enough, consider suspending it when running on battery. Some moderns SATA buses and drivers supports a notification mechanism (SATA AN - Asynchronous Events Notifications) that obsolete the need for polling on modern hardware; support for this feature had been merged in Linux 2.6.24-rc1 and HAL 0.5.10.

LCD Backlight/Brightness

The LCD backlight is one of the very major power drain. Reducing brightness to the lowest readable level will save a lot of battery lifetime. Also, don't forget to configure your screen saver to shutdown the screen backlight (rather than displaying some eye candy), when no activity for a few minutes.

You can also let the system automatically reduce brightness after a period of inactivity.

If you're choosing your Thinkpad laptop model, keep in mind that the screen size affect the battery time greatly: more power needed for larger screens.

The very recent, but xorg standard way to control backlight from CLI is using xbacklight. ie. to set backlight at half the brightness: 

xbacklight -set 50

You should configure the DPMS to shutdown the screen when idle (rather than displaying a fancy but power consuming screensaver). ie. to turn off the display after 5 minutes of idling: 

xset +dpms
xset dpms 0 0 300

Graphic controllers

All xorg Thinkpad graphics chipsets drivers (ati, radeon, fglrx, i810) have the same bug causing very frequent CPU wakeups when DRI is activated, even when you don't use any 3D application. This problem is partly fixed on xorg git tree but not released as of xorg 7.2. If you value more battery than 3D, you should disable DRI: put this on the /etc/X11/xorg.conf "Device" of you graphic controller: 

Option          "NoDRI"

Also be sure that DPMS is working: grep DPMS /var/log/Xorg.0.log should output "DPMS enabled". If not, put Option "DPMS" in your config. See the section above about how to enable dpms driven display power saving.

On recent xrandr/xorg versions, you can disable the TV output (or any other detected as connected but not used outputs) when you're not using it: it's known to consume power. 

xrandr # see all displays listed here, but that you don't actually use and disable them. 
xrandr --output TV --off # for instance (if "xrandr" above listed a connected output named "TV" that you don't use)

When you don't have an external monitor plugged, disable CRT and DVI output (for some, this can make a difference in power usage) : 

echo crt_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video
echo dvi_disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/video

Some drivers have specials power saving mode, and/or allows underclocking the GPU. See also:

USB Subsystem

The kernel support an efficient USB 2.0 power saving feature if you enabled CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND. This may not trigger in when you have an USB device plugged (and beside, USB devices tends to suck power on their own), so avoid using such devices when on battery. To enable it by default, you must add the line 

options usbcore autosuspend=1

to your /etc/modprobe.conf or add it to (and create if necessary) the file /etc/modprobe.d/usbcore depending on how your distribution organises modprobe configuration.

If on the other hand, you have usbcore built into your kernel, you can add this in the kernel boot options (ie. in grub's menu.lst): 

usbcore.autosuspend=1

or at runtime, per device, with: 

for i in /sys/bus/usb/devices/*/power/autosuspend; do echo 1 > $i; done 
for i in /sys/bus/usb/devices/*/power/level; do echo auto > $i; done

USB 1.1 is worst. It needs polling the bus frequently, hence can't really go in a low power mode when you enabled it, even if you don't have any device plugged. You'd better remove it when you don't use a 1.1 device: 

rmmod uhci_hcd

If you don't intend to use any device needing USB 1.1 (unfortunately, the built-in bluetooth and fingerprint-reader are USB 1.1 devices), the USB 1.1 support can also be totally avoided. On Debian and derivatives, just do: 

echo "blacklist uhci_hcd" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist

PCMCIA/CardBus

Same for PCMCIA/CardBus. Some users experiences interrupts clouds (sometime up to several thousands interrupts/second) causing CPU wakeups, thus totally preventing the CPU to reach lower C-states. If you don't use PCMCIA, you may disable it the same way (unloading seems insufficient to restore the system properly, you have to boot without it): 

echo "blacklist pcmcia" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist
echo "blacklist yenta_socket" >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist

Sound

ALSA has a power saving feature that should be enabled on your kernel (CONFIG_SND_AC97_POWER_SAVE). Note that this low power mode won't trigger in unless you muted all sound inputs (micro, line in etc.). This feature has to be activated with: 

amixer set Line mute nocap
amixer set Mic mute nocap
echo Y > /sys/module/snd_ac97_codec/parameters/power_save


Intel HD Audio

If you have Intel HD audio as your onboard sound controller, substitute the following for the last line in the above sequence:

echo Y > /sys/module/snd_hda_intel/parameters/power_save_controller

You also may wish to decrease the sound poweroff timeout to something shorter, like 1 second after last playback:

echo 1 > /sys/module/snd_hda_intel/parameters/power_save

Additional Tweaks

You can unload all sound related modules when you are on battery, or mute the sound system (echo mute > /proc/acpi/ibm/volume).

See also How to enable audio codec power saving.

Wireless Interface

intel wireless

Wireless network consume a lot of power. To save power, you can kill the Wi-Fi radio when it's not in use: 

echo 1 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/*/rf_kill

If you need Wi-Fi, you can also reduce power consumption (at the price of performances) by activating the power saving modes: 

iwpriv eth1 set_power 5

For drivers using the new Wi-Fi kernel framework (mac80211/cfg80211), the canonical way to do this is now: 

for i in /sys/bus/pci/devices/*/power_level ; do echo 5 > $i ; done

Most drivers, like ipw2200, that don't use the new mac80211 framework place the interfaces in aggressive scanning mode when they are not associated with any Access Point, even when the interface is down (more info about this on Intel's LessWatts website). This behavior consumes a lot of power, even more than when the interface is plain active and in use. But this can disabled at module's load time : 

rmmod ipw2200
modprobe ipw2200 associate=0

You can fix this setting by placing the following in /etc/modprobe.d/options (Debian/Ubuntu) or in /etc/modprobe.conf (Red Hat/Fedora): 

options ipw2200 associate=0

Reducing beacon intervals on your Access Point to 1 per second will also reduce network card interrupts, therefore power savings. This shouldn't have negatives side effects.

In recent kernels, the powersaving on the intel ipw3945 has been disabled, as for some it is unstable. For others it worked just fine.

See this patch. You may wish to try changing '.broken_powersave=true' to false, in /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/wireless/iwlwifi/iwl-3945.c if you wish to enable powersave.

See also, to activate power saving on the wireless network card:

Ethernet Controler

If you don't use Wake-on-LAN, you should disable it for your network card, because it sucks a lot of power: 

ethtool -s eth0 wol d

If you can, try to reduce useless network activity on your ethernet segment, coming to your NIC (ie. uneeded broadcasts), those cause interrupts and CPU wakeups.

Forcing 100Mbps full-duplex speed on a gigabit ethernet NIC can also save a lot of power (~1W) on most network workloads. This also reduces components temperature (e.g., thermal sensor 0xC0 on the T43 cools down by 5 degree between 1000Mbps and 100Mbps, and another 1 degree for 10Mbps). 

 ethtool -s eth0 autoneg off speed 100

Note, however, that if the network device on the other side has auto-negotiation enabled (which is very common) and you turn auto-negotiation off, the other side will assume half-duplex mode and you will experience a significant loss of performance.

Bluetooth

When you don't need bluetooth, disable it. Because of its radio, bluetooth is not power friendly. 

hciconfig hci0 down ; rmmod hci_usb
echo disable > /proc/acpi/ibm/bluetooth

Modem

When was the last time you used your analog modem? If you can't remember, you probably just don't need it. If it is on a separate module in your laptop, simply remove it. Store it in a ESD safe place (like the bag in which your last addon card or hard drive was packed), in case you should need it again. This won't save you a lot of power and weight, but why carry something around you never use.

System Fans

Fans consumes power when running, so you may look at the ACPI fan control script.

Misbehaving Userland

You should avoid using Beagle, Compiz, Beryl, XMMS, gnome-power-manager and Evolution while on battery. Look at the PowerTOP's known problems list.

Deactivate desktop animations (blinking cursor on the terms, animated wallpapers, ...): they cause regular X (therefore kernel and CPU) wakeups.

In short, while on battery, you should stop all applications that don't really stay idle when you're not using them. This means applications that:

  • Wakes up the CPU too often (by polling something, because of too short select() timeouts, ...)
  • Access the disks at regular intervals
  • Access an hardware bus (USB, ATA, ...) at regular intervals

To find those offenders run:

  • strace -p $(pidof yourapp) # for all your running applications
  • powertop
  • dstat -t -c --power --top-cpu --top-io --top-bio --top-latency --top-cputime
  • sysctl vm.block_dump=1 # and look at dmesg
  • ps aux | awk '{print$10,$11}' | sort -n # will list all running softs sorted by used cpu time

Please, don't forget to fill a bug when you find such a misbehaving software.

NOTE!
Not all software is evil, buggy or badly written. Some produce regular activity because they have to, in order to provide their intented functionality. Think twice before filling bugs about this.

See Also

External resources

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